University of TehranPhilosophy2008-15531120020622--11311FAJournal Article19700101The Philosophy of Descartes is not only known to be rationalistic, but in a seuse is almost a perfect example of applying reason in modern times. We mean a reason that is mobilized with a method and the principles of the same method which is used as its own definition. In any case, in Cartesian rationalism, the mathematical method penet rates the principles of mind and transforms the content of reason.
on the other hand, since Descartes does not acknowledge the possibility of knowing the final causes within his own method, the obtained certitude ends up in some sort of relativism. He apposes in a way the superficial dogmatism in order to preserve future possibilities.The Philosophy of Descartes is not only known to be rationalistic, but in a seuse is almost a perfect example of applying reason in modern times. We mean a reason that is mobilized with a method and the principles of the same method which is used as its own definition. In any case, in Cartesian rationalism, the mathematical method penet rates the principles of mind and transforms the content of reason.
on the other hand, since Descartes does not acknowledge the possibility of knowing the final causes within his own method, the obtained certitude ends up in some sort of relativism. He apposes in a way the superficial dogmatism in order to preserve future possibilities.https://jop.ut.ac.ir/article_11311_02818bc27ea566ed9b5721a7c693f538.pdfUniversity of TehranPhilosophy2008-15531120020622--11312FAJournal Article19700101There is more in the significance of Reason and Love in man’s life and destiny than meets the eye, and the necessity of a comprehensive research and has always been profoundly felt. Despite numerous works under the separate titles: Reason and Love, very little has been sone on their interaction and interrelationship.
The article deals with the subject considering the views of Borhan - Al- Din Mohaghegh -e - Termezi. the guru and a close companion of Molavi, and the book: Theology and a Commentary on Muhammad and the Victory Chapters of Qu’ran.There is more in the significance of Reason and Love in man’s life and destiny than meets the eye, and the necessity of a comprehensive research and has always been profoundly felt. Despite numerous works under the separate titles: Reason and Love, very little has been sone on their interaction and interrelationship.
The article deals with the subject considering the views of Borhan - Al- Din Mohaghegh -e - Termezi. the guru and a close companion of Molavi, and the book: Theology and a Commentary on Muhammad and the Victory Chapters of Qu’ran.https://jop.ut.ac.ir/article_11312_614b476303aa0e01701151fb11446b86.pdfUniversity of TehranPhilosophy2008-15531120020622--11313FAJournal Article19700101Aiming at defining the nature of Islamic philosophy, the present series of articles enquires into a wide variety of issues each of which serves this purpose in a particular way. Since Greek philosophy has been one of the most important sources for the philosophical tradition in the world of Islam, it is necessary to discuss the nature of the former as one of the early links.
The article has undertaken to show that Greek philosophy is by nature divine, as a proof of which it presents a survery of Plato, who is here regarded as the greatest of all Greek philosophers. The main concerns of the survey are those of plato’s views that prove his philosophy to be divine and indicate a correspondence between its coordinates and those of any divine philosophy.Aiming at defining the nature of Islamic philosophy, the present series of articles enquires into a wide variety of issues each of which serves this purpose in a particular way. Since Greek philosophy has been one of the most important sources for the philosophical tradition in the world of Islam, it is necessary to discuss the nature of the former as one of the early links.
The article has undertaken to show that Greek philosophy is by nature divine, as a proof of which it presents a survery of Plato, who is here regarded as the greatest of all Greek philosophers. The main concerns of the survey are those of plato’s views that prove his philosophy to be divine and indicate a correspondence between its coordinates and those of any divine philosophy.https://jop.ut.ac.ir/article_11313_b1548f7c4c6eab9d57c7d7d8bbe20387.pdfUniversity of TehranPhilosophy2008-15531120020622--11314FAJournal Article19700101Logic has been defined as a scince or technique, which helps our minds keep away from some fallacies, but the question has always been asked how it is applied in the realm of theology and if theoretical problems can be proved or disproved by it. In an essay concerning God’s absolute and eternal knowledge from the standpoint of Alexander of Aphrodisiac and Proclus, Mario Mignocci has claimed that the complexities of this issue can be dispelled or diminished through the application of logic. The present article, considering both merits and of Mignocci’s essay, presents a thorough analysis of it.Logic has been defined as a scince or technique, which helps our minds keep away from some fallacies, but the question has always been asked how it is applied in the realm of theology and if theoretical problems can be proved or disproved by it. In an essay concerning God’s absolute and eternal knowledge from the standpoint of Alexander of Aphrodisiac and Proclus, Mario Mignocci has claimed that the complexities of this issue can be dispelled or diminished through the application of logic. The present article, considering both merits and of Mignocci’s essay, presents a thorough analysis of it.https://jop.ut.ac.ir/article_11314_7b36f2e7c2383463f3f40e9edaf71764.pdfUniversity of TehranPhilosophy2008-15531120020622--11315FAJournal Article19700101The main objective of this article is to show, firstly, that pragmatism is built on some doctrines that are associated with Humanism, and in being so, it is in principle a Humanistic school, and that its evident achievement on the social and cultura levels in America has led to the development of a wide range of humanists who believe in modern humanism, which is also known as scientific humanism, or in humanistic naturalism. The article opens with an introduction to pragmatism and
humanism, and then proceeds to discuss their ralation through an enquiry both into the doctrines of pragmatism and its relation to the modern American humanism.The main objective of this article is to show, firstly, that pragmatism is built on some doctrines that are associated with Humanism, and in being so, it is in principle a Humanistic school, and that its evident achievement on the social and cultura levels in America has led to the development of a wide range of humanists who believe in modern humanism, which is also known as scientific humanism, or in humanistic naturalism. The article opens with an introduction to pragmatism and
humanism, and then proceeds to discuss their ralation through an enquiry both into the doctrines of pragmatism and its relation to the modern American humanism.https://jop.ut.ac.ir/article_11315_1a603c07e95a529e8372e20c51c59817.pdfUniversity of TehranPhilosophy2008-15531120020622--11316FAJournal Article19700101Plato’s doctrine of recollection is often identified with innatism, and he is said to be an innatist, the present paper, alongside with explaining this doctrine and other related dortrines in Plato’s epistemology, argues that the doctrine of recollection is not necessarily the same as innatism. It is a matter of fact that, in Plato perception and intellectual epistemic activity play an important role in the acquisition of knowledgePlato’s doctrine of recollection is often identified with innatism, and he is said to be an innatist, the present paper, alongside with explaining this doctrine and other related dortrines in Plato’s epistemology, argues that the doctrine of recollection is not necessarily the same as innatism. It is a matter of fact that, in Plato perception and intellectual epistemic activity play an important role in the acquisition of knowledgehttps://jop.ut.ac.ir/article_11316_0c8e1f198268c45c44a040d99aa7c735.pdfUniversity of TehranPhilosophy2008-15531120020622--11317FAJournal Article19700101Plato’s strange way of explaining the structure of the four elements and the five regular polyhedra and their reciprocal interchange in his Timaios has always led to controversial commentaries. It provides Plato with a theory in answering the questions of the presocratic physiologoi about the principal elements and the construction of nature. He tries to give an explanation based on geometry, including all advantages of the previous attempts. while lacking the disadvantages However it seems that his expectation for coming to a final result has not been fulfilled. The dialogue has been left open and remains a mere “mythos’, although an “orthos mythos”.Plato’s strange way of explaining the structure of the four elements and the five regular polyhedra and their reciprocal interchange in his Timaios has always led to controversial commentaries. It provides Plato with a theory in answering the questions of the presocratic physiologoi about the principal elements and the construction of nature. He tries to give an explanation based on geometry, including all advantages of the previous attempts. while lacking the disadvantages However it seems that his expectation for coming to a final result has not been fulfilled. The dialogue has been left open and remains a mere “mythos’, although an “orthos mythos”.https://jop.ut.ac.ir/article_11317_31f8c1e5dbed7519bb43e03dd0937892.pdfUniversity of TehranPhilosophy2008-15531120020622--11318FAJournal Article19700101Dividing all judgments into analytic and synthetic and the latter into a priori and a posteriori, Kant has prepared the ground for an unprecedented concept of experience. He first enquires into the essential possibility of experience and then relates it to the possibility of nature. In his discussion of the latter. kant concerns himself with the object of experience and its relation to the subject in the light of which he proceeds to explain how the synthetica priori judgments are possible. It is here that he fixes subjectivity as cogito, on which the possibility of synthetic a priori judgments depends. Thus, the content of experience in its Kantian sense, which is one of the principles of modern science, is determined. One should note that the present article has been written with an eye on Heidegger’s What Is a Thing’?Dividing all judgments into analytic and synthetic and the latter into a priori and a posteriori, Kant has prepared the ground for an unprecedented concept of experience. He first enquires into the essential possibility of experience and then relates it to the possibility of nature. In his discussion of the latter. kant concerns himself with the object of experience and its relation to the subject in the light of which he proceeds to explain how the synthetica priori judgments are possible. It is here that he fixes subjectivity as cogito, on which the possibility of synthetic a priori judgments depends. Thus, the content of experience in its Kantian sense, which is one of the principles of modern science, is determined. One should note that the present article has been written with an eye on Heidegger’s What Is a Thing’?https://jop.ut.ac.ir/article_11318_3458f7ab5c538f730274c21379eb431a.pdfUniversity of TehranPhilosophy2008-15531120020622--11319FAJournal Article19700101Arthur Prior established tense Logic as one of the developed branches of the Modern Logic in 1957. Today it is applied in the philosophical -physical explanation of time, the logical analysis of natural language, artificial intelligence, and computer sciences. Since a thorough study in the explanation of the syntactic structure of Tense Logic has not yet been completed, the present author, inspired by the Fitch style in Modal Logic, attempts to introduce the Natural Deduction Method in some systems of the Tense Logic such as kc and kt and to apply it in the formal calculations therein.Arthur Prior established tense Logic as one of the developed branches of the Modern Logic in 1957. Today it is applied in the philosophical -physical explanation of time, the logical analysis of natural language, artificial intelligence, and computer sciences. Since a thorough study in the explanation of the syntactic structure of Tense Logic has not yet been completed, the present author, inspired by the Fitch style in Modal Logic, attempts to introduce the Natural Deduction Method in some systems of the Tense Logic such as kc and kt and to apply it in the formal calculations therein.https://jop.ut.ac.ir/article_11319_67a300650c0a476c1ad0cd5f5ffc3811.pdfUniversity of TehranPhilosophy2008-15531120020622--11320FAJournal Article19700101Avicenna’s account of B.Sgh depends on “the certitude of being” and “the impossibility of infinite regress” and “vicious circle”, that of Sadra on “the Genuineness of the being”, its “simplicity” and “hierarchicality”, that of sabzevari on “the Genuineness of the being” and on the principles that “whatever truth, owes its truth to the being”, and “the being does not have independent determinations, but its determinations are different only in degrees and modes of manifestation. In A’lameh Tabatabaie, it is not necessary to prove “the genuineness and hierarchicality of the being” since we can reach the eternal truth of any reality just by analyzing the unconditioned ground of it. One of the advantages this account is that it leads to the Unity of God’s Nature.Avicenna’s account of B.Sgh depends on “the certitude of being” and “the impossibility of infinite regress” and “vicious circle”, that of Sadra on “the Genuineness of the being”, its “simplicity” and “hierarchicality”, that of sabzevari on “the Genuineness of the being” and on the principles that “whatever truth, owes its truth to the being”, and “the being does not have independent determinations, but its determinations are different only in degrees and modes of manifestation. In A’lameh Tabatabaie, it is not necessary to prove “the genuineness and hierarchicality of the being” since we can reach the eternal truth of any reality just by analyzing the unconditioned ground of it. One of the advantages this account is that it leads to the Unity of God’s Nature.https://jop.ut.ac.ir/article_11320_95e6f11aa454f19554fdd2e0afc4987e.pdfUniversity of TehranPhilosophy2008-15531120020622--11321FAJournal Article19700101The phases in the development of Husserl’s philosophy - the founder of 2Othcent Phenomenology - mainly consists of three:
First comes his pretranscendental phase. As a middle-aged man he concerns himself with Epistemological Phenomenology that leads to the development of Transcendental Phenomenology. Late in his life comes the phase which is known as Genetic Phenomenology. The main achievement of the second phase is his Logical Investigations, with which the present article is concernedThe phases in the development of Husserl’s philosophy - the founder of 2Othcent Phenomenology - mainly consists of three:
First comes his pretranscendental phase. As a middle-aged man he concerns himself with Epistemological Phenomenology that leads to the development of Transcendental Phenomenology. Late in his life comes the phase which is known as Genetic Phenomenology. The main achievement of the second phase is his Logical Investigations, with which the present article is concernedhttps://jop.ut.ac.ir/article_11321_297427b5222db246043b3dd3ea3e81b6.pdfUniversity of TehranPhilosophy2008-15531120020622--11322FAJournal Article19700101One of the well-known arguments for the existence of God is “the Argument from Necessity and Contingency”. The main components of this argument, as the name suggests, must be “necessity” and “Contingency”. It was Avicenna who first formulated the argument, according to whose account in “Shefa” and” al Esharat va al Tanbihat” it is the only argument for the existence of God that ends its task immediately, i.e. simply through the concept of being. This argument was criticized and rejected by Averroes, who presents another version of it after making some modifications in it. The argument was, however, approved of by Aquinas, the medieval philosopher and theologian, who regarded it as the best of all his arguments for the existence of God.
This article is concerned with the views of the three mentioned philosophers in an attempt to evaluate their conception and application of the two notions of “necessity” and “contingency”.One of the well-known arguments for the existence of God is “the Argument from Necessity and Contingency”. The main components of this argument, as the name suggests, must be “necessity” and “Contingency”. It was Avicenna who first formulated the argument, according to whose account in “Shefa” and” al Esharat va al Tanbihat” it is the only argument for the existence of God that ends its task immediately, i.e. simply through the concept of being. This argument was criticized and rejected by Averroes, who presents another version of it after making some modifications in it. The argument was, however, approved of by Aquinas, the medieval philosopher and theologian, who regarded it as the best of all his arguments for the existence of God.
This article is concerned with the views of the three mentioned philosophers in an attempt to evaluate their conception and application of the two notions of “necessity” and “contingency”.https://jop.ut.ac.ir/article_11322_13b2991d179005419e77ddc8d5ffdac6.pdf