Philosophy2008-15536و7020021222--11323FAJournal Article19700101Men and women, as humans, are equal, in view of the fact that they share the universal essence of humanity, while femininity and masculinity are accidental. So any perfection obtained by men is equally achievable by women and there is no perfection and rank beyond women’s reach even spiritual guardianship (Vilayat) and the state of the Perfect Human (Ghotbiat).The Holy Prophet himself, peace be upon him, regarded some women such as Imran’s daughter, the Virgin Mary, and Pharoah’s wife, Asia, as perfect humans. To acknowledge the nobility and perfection of women, it would suffice to notice the fact that God let them enjoy the prophets’ loving. God had His prophet, Moses, as great as he was, toil and labor as the marriage gift of a woman, Shoab’s daughter, and a woman’s action, Hagar’s Attempt between Safa and Marva, turn into a principle in divine legislation. From a mystic’s point of view women can even be superior to men on account of the fact that while man is the manifestation of divine activity, woman manifests both the activity and passivity of the divine. Furthermore, women smell of motherhood and maternity, such a sweet odor. As a result, they do deserve affection and respect since loving them is the legacy of the Holy Prophet and the way of God.Men and women, as humans, are equal, in view of the fact that they share the universal essence of humanity, while femininity and masculinity are accidental. So any perfection obtained by men is equally achievable by women and there is no perfection and rank beyond women’s reach even spiritual guardianship (Vilayat) and the state of the Perfect Human (Ghotbiat).The Holy Prophet himself, peace be upon him, regarded some women such as Imran’s daughter, the Virgin Mary, and Pharoah’s wife, Asia, as perfect humans. To acknowledge the nobility and perfection of women, it would suffice to notice the fact that God let them enjoy the prophets’ loving. God had His prophet, Moses, as great as he was, toil and labor as the marriage gift of a woman, Shoab’s daughter, and a woman’s action, Hagar’s Attempt between Safa and Marva, turn into a principle in divine legislation. From a mystic’s point of view women can even be superior to men on account of the fact that while man is the manifestation of divine activity, woman manifests both the activity and passivity of the divine. Furthermore, women smell of motherhood and maternity, such a sweet odor. As a result, they do deserve affection and respect since loving them is the legacy of the Holy Prophet and the way of God.Philosophy2008-15536و7020021222--11324FAJournal Article19700101The historians of Islamic philosophy usually consider Averroes as the last Islamic philosopher and his philosophy the last Islamic philosophy. In Islamic and Arabic countries save Iran, after Averroes, philosophy has been abandoned and depressed. On the other hand, in spite of the fact that philosophical thinking and research did flow in Iran and the east of the Islamic world, philosophy and the philosophers of the west of the Islamic world were given no attention and there is barely any reference to Averroes in Iranian philosophical works. And so have Sohravardi and Mulla Sadra been treated with negligence by orientalists and the historians of philosophy. This article observes and analyses the aforesaid and the status of Averroes.The historians of Islamic philosophy usually consider Averroes as the last Islamic philosopher and his philosophy the last Islamic philosophy. In Islamic and Arabic countries save Iran, after Averroes, philosophy has been abandoned and depressed. On the other hand, in spite of the fact that philosophical thinking and research did flow in Iran and the east of the Islamic world, philosophy and the philosophers of the west of the Islamic world were given no attention and there is barely any reference to Averroes in Iranian philosophical works. And so have Sohravardi and Mulla Sadra been treated with negligence by orientalists and the historians of philosophy. This article observes and analyses the aforesaid and the status of Averroes.Philosophy2008-15536و7020021222--11325FAJournal Article19700101The main target of Descartes’ philosophical arguments is to prove a unique universal science which could be achieved merely through a thorough and rational method. It should be noticed that Descartes’ philosophy, which is based on rationalism, is at variance with the older traditions including those of the antiquity and middle Ages. That is so because Descarte’s main focus is modern sciences and his main attempt in the realm of First Philosophy is to prove the existence of a kind of reason that is not only well-equipped with method but also solely something to distinguish the sequence of things and comprehend the order of affairs. Moreover, First Philosophy has taken its final form as if by the dictates of the demands of this very method. This topic is discussed and analyzed in the present article considering different sciences and particular examples of this subject as presented by Descartes himselfThe main target of Descartes’ philosophical arguments is to prove a unique universal science which could be achieved merely through a thorough and rational method. It should be noticed that Descartes’ philosophy, which is based on rationalism, is at variance with the older traditions including those of the antiquity and middle Ages. That is so because Descarte’s main focus is modern sciences and his main attempt in the realm of First Philosophy is to prove the existence of a kind of reason that is not only well-equipped with method but also solely something to distinguish the sequence of things and comprehend the order of affairs. Moreover, First Philosophy has taken its final form as if by the dictates of the demands of this very method. This topic is discussed and analyzed in the present article considering different sciences and particular examples of this subject as presented by Descartes himselfPhilosophy2008-15536و7020021222--11326FAJournal Article19700101The potential interpretation of Greek philosophy as a divine philosophy is the topic provoking thinkers and philosophers to contemplate and debate. In this article, with direct reference to Plato’s works along with a brief interpretation and comparative analysis, the general atmosphere of Plato’s philosophy is viewed and analyzed from the above-mentioned angle. Also, based upon Plato’s original writings, it will be demonstrated that not only is Plato’s philosophy one of the most divine philosophies throughout history, but it is the mother” and source of all authentic divine thoughts.The potential interpretation of Greek philosophy as a divine philosophy is the topic provoking thinkers and philosophers to contemplate and debate. In this article, with direct reference to Plato’s works along with a brief interpretation and comparative analysis, the general atmosphere of Plato’s philosophy is viewed and analyzed from the above-mentioned angle. Also, based upon Plato’s original writings, it will be demonstrated that not only is Plato’s philosophy one of the most divine philosophies throughout history, but it is the mother” and source of all authentic divine thoughts.Philosophy2008-15536و7020021222--11327FAJournal Article19700101It is not possible to discuss Kant’s philosophy of mathematics independently of his philosophic system as a whole since the former is part and parcel of the latter, it should rather be dealt with within Kantian system. However, since Kant paid much attention to mathematical properties-that is, synthetic a priori propsitions which rest on intuition-so that he could found a new form of metaphysics, he came up with certain views on the principles of mathematics worthy of research and reflection. Moreover, as Kant’s philosophy is related to the mathematics of his era, it is not possible to reach the depth of his thought without having knowledge of the latter. This article at first place offers an overview of the history of mathematics and its interrelationship with philosophic systems, and then proceeds to deal with what Kant offers in connection with mathematics.It is not possible to discuss Kant’s philosophy of mathematics independently of his philosophic system as a whole since the former is part and parcel of the latter, it should rather be dealt with within Kantian system. However, since Kant paid much attention to mathematical properties-that is, synthetic a priori propsitions which rest on intuition-so that he could found a new form of metaphysics, he came up with certain views on the principles of mathematics worthy of research and reflection. Moreover, as Kant’s philosophy is related to the mathematics of his era, it is not possible to reach the depth of his thought without having knowledge of the latter. This article at first place offers an overview of the history of mathematics and its interrelationship with philosophic systems, and then proceeds to deal with what Kant offers in connection with mathematics.Philosophy2008-15536و7020021222--11328FAJournal Article19700101In order to reject the I’nnatist interpretation of Plato’s anamnesis, one can refer to the two revealing evidence in Phaedrus and Republic. What Plato has in mind by the myth of the Soul’s Cycles with gods in Phaedrus and the famous Allegory of the Cave in Republic, as will be proved in this article, well shows that Plato had absolutely no idea of what is easily accepted by some modern philosophers, even the western ones, under the title of innatism.In order to reject the I’nnatist interpretation of Plato’s anamnesis, one can refer to the two revealing evidence in Phaedrus and Republic. What Plato has in mind by the myth of the Soul’s Cycles with gods in Phaedrus and the famous Allegory of the Cave in Republic, as will be proved in this article, well shows that Plato had absolutely no idea of what is easily accepted by some modern philosophers, even the western ones, under the title of innatism.Philosophy2008-15536و7020021222--11329FAJournal Article19700101Hegel was an eminent philosopher in the Enlightenment. The principles of his thought, which are deep down humanistic, consolidated the basis and foundation of the modern western civilization. The Humanistic aspect of Hegel’s philosophy could be summarized in the two following principles:(1) subjectivism, on which Hegel’s philosophy is founded, attempting to absolutize man, and (2) The deat (absence) of God. Although God is talked about all through Hegel’s philosophy, He is absent as such. In other words, when considering the absolute, Hegel humanizes God, and afterwards leaves that humanistic God behind, so when it comes to absolute Knowledge, there is no need of the traditional God. The article elaborates on these two points.Hegel was an eminent philosopher in the Enlightenment. The principles of his thought, which are deep down humanistic, consolidated the basis and foundation of the modern western civilization. The Humanistic aspect of Hegel’s philosophy could be summarized in the two following principles:(1) subjectivism, on which Hegel’s philosophy is founded, attempting to absolutize man, and (2) The deat (absence) of God. Although God is talked about all through Hegel’s philosophy, He is absent as such. In other words, when considering the absolute, Hegel humanizes God, and afterwards leaves that humanistic God behind, so when it comes to absolute Knowledge, there is no need of the traditional God. The article elaborates on these two points.Philosophy2008-15536و7020021222--11330FAJournal Article19700101The priority of thought over will, or vice versa, has been the subject of long-standing disputes, as the philosophers have for the most part supported the priority of thought and a certain group of theologians argued for the priority of will. Considering will as prior to thought, the latter have argued that Devine Providence is prior to Devine Knowledge and Wisdom. We can find a similar idea among the philosophers of modern times, of whom we will refer to Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and some others.The priority of thought over will, or vice versa, has been the subject of long-standing disputes, as the philosophers have for the most part supported the priority of thought and a certain group of theologians argued for the priority of will. Considering will as prior to thought, the latter have argued that Devine Providence is prior to Devine Knowledge and Wisdom. We can find a similar idea among the philosophers of modern times, of whom we will refer to Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and some others.Philosophy2008-15536و7020021222--11331FAJournal Article19700101In his various books Avicenna has propounded a theory of judgment which is accepted by Logician Abhary. The theory can be called the propositional theory of judgment. The theory is heavily criticized by Tusi in his Naghd - altanzil. Razi, in his Essay, Resaleh - Ma’moolah, defended Avicenna - Abhary’s theory of judgment, and tried to show that Tusi’s arguments against the theory are defective.
The purpose of this article is to articulate Razi’s assessment of Tusi’s criticisms and to show that Razi’s rejection of Tusi’s arguments is unfair and misleading in its crucial points, and that he misunderstands Tusi’s central argument set forth by a differentiation he makes between the primary judgment and the secondary judgment. Some further evidences are offered in support of Tusi’s theory also.In his various books Avicenna has propounded a theory of judgment which is accepted by Logician Abhary. The theory can be called the propositional theory of judgment. The theory is heavily criticized by Tusi in his Naghd - altanzil. Razi, in his Essay, Resaleh - Ma’moolah, defended Avicenna - Abhary’s theory of judgment, and tried to show that Tusi’s arguments against the theory are defective.
The purpose of this article is to articulate Razi’s assessment of Tusi’s criticisms and to show that Razi’s rejection of Tusi’s arguments is unfair and misleading in its crucial points, and that he misunderstands Tusi’s central argument set forth by a differentiation he makes between the primary judgment and the secondary judgment. Some further evidences are offered in support of Tusi’s theory also.Philosophy2008-15536و7020021222--11332FAJournal Article19700101The well-known Japanese thinker and orientalist, Tushihiku Izutsu, devoted a large part of his works to comparative studies. The method he adopted in doing so, Henri Corbin calls it, is meta-historical. In the historical method of traditional academic studies, all thoughts are subject to their time and place and, as a result, dominated by historical relativity. It was in opposition to this historical approach that phenomenology appeared on the stage of contemporary philosophy and paved the way for comparative studies. Izutsu embarked on comparing those philosophic systems, which share a common ground but differ in historical and sociological details. Izutsu’s Sufism and Tao’s Religion• was the outcome of the application of this very method.
Moreover, Izutsu also went beyond dialogue and comparative studies toward a state which, transcends dialogue, the state of mondo in. zen Buddhism or “sympathy” as it is called by great Sufis such as Molavi, where there is no intention of communicating thoughts or information. This article offers a discussion and analysis of the two mentioned states - meta-historical dialogue and meta-dialogue- as presented by Izutsu.The well-known Japanese thinker and orientalist, Tushihiku Izutsu, devoted a large part of his works to comparative studies. The method he adopted in doing so, Henri Corbin calls it, is meta-historical. In the historical method of traditional academic studies, all thoughts are subject to their time and place and, as a result, dominated by historical relativity. It was in opposition to this historical approach that phenomenology appeared on the stage of contemporary philosophy and paved the way for comparative studies. Izutsu embarked on comparing those philosophic systems, which share a common ground but differ in historical and sociological details. Izutsu’s Sufism and Tao’s Religion• was the outcome of the application of this very method.
Moreover, Izutsu also went beyond dialogue and comparative studies toward a state which, transcends dialogue, the state of mondo in. zen Buddhism or “sympathy” as it is called by great Sufis such as Molavi, where there is no intention of communicating thoughts or information. This article offers a discussion and analysis of the two mentioned states - meta-historical dialogue and meta-dialogue- as presented by Izutsu.Philosophy2008-15536و7020021222--11333FAJournal Article19700101