Document Type : Scientific-research

Authors

• Ahmad Ebadi ¹
• Amirpouya Danesh ²

¹ Associate professor of philosophy at University of Isfahan

² Master of philosophy, University of Isfahan

Abstract

This article investigates the issue of the directionality of time and its origin at the intersection of physical theories and philosophical analysis. The main focus is on David Albert’s account of time, which—through the framework of the “Past Hypothesis”—seeks to explain temporal direction not as a conscious or empirical feature, but as a statistical consequence of the universe’s initial conditions in statistical mechanics. The paper first reconstructs this theory conceptually and analyzes it through the lenses of causality, time symmetry, and the entropy-increase condition. It then engages with critiques posed by contemporary philosophers and physicists, evaluating the effectiveness and limitations of this model in addressing the problem of time’s arrow. In light of the shortcomings of the Past Hypothesis, the article proposes a complementary theory that conceptualizes time as simultaneously physical, phenomenal, and abstract. Within this framework, time is analyzed across statistical and entropic mechanisms, subjective experience, and linguistic structures. Temporal directionality is viewed as the result of an interaction between physical and phenomenal layers, rather than the mere consequence of an initial condition. The “layer-phenomenal model of time” thus avoids reductionism and offers an interdisciplinary account that not only addresses statistical and entropic principles, but also articulates three fundamental conditions for temporal directionality by integrating philosophical, physical, phenomenological, and cognitive perspectives.

Keywords

• Arrow of Time
• Entropy
• Time Symmetry
• Causality
• Past Hypothesis

Main Subjects

• philosophy