Philosophy - Articles in Press

Studying the intersection between religious experience and aesthetic experience can shed more light on the relationship between religion and art. Do similarities determine whether they ... Read More

Bergson’s Footsteps in Heidegger’s Interpretation of Time

Hussein Malakooti; Bijan Abdolkarimi; Ali Moradkhani

Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2024, , Pages 221-236

Abstract

At the beginning of Being and Time, Bergson's name comes alongside Aristotle’s name when Heidegger tried to distinguish the concept of temporality from traditional time. Now, ... Read More

Mulla Sadra's Opinion About the Head of Government and His Characteristics; Based on the Book of Origin and Resurrection

Mohammad Mollai Iveli; Ali Asghar Zakavi

Volume 21, Issue 1 , September 2023, , Pages 225-240

Abstract

Forming a government in order for humans to achieve their individual and social goals is a rational necessity. The necessity of forming a government and, as some philosophers call it, ... Read More Forming a government in order for humans to achieve their individual and social goals is a rational necessity. The necessity of forming a government and, as some philosophers call it, "Medina" and the existence of the head of the government, has been the focus of Western and Islamic philosophers, and Mulla Sadra, as the founder of "Hekmat Ta'alaye" has also paid great attention to this issue in various works, especially the book "The Origin and Resurrection". But the discussion about the right of sovereignty and the characteristics of the ruler has always been among the challenging topics among philosophers and sages. The purpose of this article is to analyze Mulla Sadra's opinions as the founder of Hikmat Ta'ala, in the context of the head of government and his characteristics. Therefore, the main question is: From Mullah Sadra's point of view, for whom is the right of sovereignty over the Islamic society fixed and what characteristics should it have? The answer to this question has been examined based on his opinions based on the book of origin and resurrection. This study is a type of content analysis research, which is done by referring to the written sources of Hakim Mataleh, relying on the book Mabada wa Maad. By collecting data in line with the goal and the main question of the research, and taking into account some of Mullah Sadra's intellectual foundations, such as the belief in monotheism, the right of divine sovereignty, the rule of possibility, the levels of reason, the rule of unity, the originality and doubt of existence, and the meaning of happiness and true perfection. It turned out that according to Mulla Sadra, first of all, the existence of a head of government is a necessity to run the society and lead people to the true happiness and perfection of mankind, and secondly, since the right to rule belongs to God, only a person has the right to rule over the people who is authorized and be appointed directly or indirectly by the ruler. Such a person is either a prophet of God who, relying on his knowledge, knows the true happiness and the way to achieve it correctly, or an authorized imam appointed by him. He then lists some of the characteristics of the ruler. This study can determine the task of governance and the type of governance in Islamic society and establish a governance model based on the principles of transcendental wisdom.

Aura and Differential Singularity (Towards a Materialist Aesthetics)

Sajad Mombeini

Volume 20, Issue 2 , January 2023, , Pages 235-250

Abstract

Aesthetic concepts explaining with scientific functions, can be an inspiring idea to lead to a new and special form of aesthetics. A form of aesthetics that as its most important work, ... Read More Aesthetic concepts explaining with scientific functions, can be an inspiring idea to lead to a new and special form of aesthetics. A form of aesthetics that as its most important work, produces relations between the aesthetic dimension as the material form of the artwork, and material functions in natural science. Establishing such relationships, may first and foremost seem like an idealistic simulation; An effort that is supposed to reduce the latter to an allegory of the first system by finding similarities between two incongruous scientific and aesthetic systems. However, it should be noted that such discussions are not aimed at producing allegorical relationships between scientific and aesthetic systems, and they have no relation with the subsequent reductionism, but by maintaining the independence between these two systems from each other, they try to move in the boundaries, regions and intersection blocks between them, and rooting the modern aesthetic concepts in the scientific systems, or by discovering and even "inventing" these intersection blocks and establishing material relations, try to explain aesthetic concepts by scientific systems. Therefore, the aesthetic concepts located in the intersection block will no longer be an allegory of scientific functions, but they are nothing except a slice of these functions but with a different formulation. Because of their adherence to scientific procedures in producing material relations between the material form of the artwork and the material functions of natural science, such discussions can be considered as a form of materialist aesthetics. As a methodological proposal, materialistic aesthetics can start its work by discovering the trace of a scientific system in an aesthetic system, or in other words, by reconstructing that intersection block that is achieved by intersecting two sets. In this regard, the discovery and reconstruction of the relationship between the Frankfurt School’s critical aesthetics and Leibniz's mathematics can be an outstanding and inspiring example.This research has tried to root Benjamin's concept of Aura in Leibniz's differential theory and Deleuze's special understanding of singularity, and explain Aura based on it. Due to his influence on Leibniz, Deleuze offers a special understanding of mathematical singularity, which can be considered exactly equivalent to extreme point in the general calculus of curves. By intersecting the concept of Aura with differential theory, then discovering conceptual equivalences, identifying nodes, and producing a junction block, it was shown that Aura can be considered as a singularity on the aesthetic space-time curves. Then, based on this experimental method, an attempt was made to formulate the initial and proposed design of a materialist aesthetic as a secondary achievement of the research. Based on this plan, the main idea of the proposed materialistic aesthetics is to intersect the aesthetic system with the scientific systems to produce intersection blocks and areas; in such a way that the aesthetic concepts established in these intersecting blocks can be reconstructed as scientific-material functions. To understand this issue, help was taken from the theory of sets in mathematics.

Isotopic Conditions of Capitalism: The possibility of Revolution in the Schizophrenic Philosophy of Deleuze-Guattari

Mahdi Momeninia; Asghar Vaezi

Volume 21, Issue 2 , March 2024, , Pages 237-260

Abstract

In Deleuze - Guattari's schizophrenic or onto - ethic - aesthetic philosophy , existence is closely along with aesthetics and ethics ; an act of revolution that connects and binds formerly ... Read More

The Role of Non-Acquired Factors in the Formation of Human Personal Identity from Avicenna''''s Point of View

Aysooda Hashempour; Forough Rahimpour

Volume 19, Issue 1 , July 2021, , Pages 239-260

Abstract

< p >In human life, many factors are directly or indirectly involved in the formation of her individual identity, which, in general, distinguishes her from others. Avicenna''s system ... Read More

Augustine's three theories of desire and pleasure based on "Confessions"

Hussein Niazbakhsh; Asghar Vaezi

Volume 20, Issue 2 , January 2023, , Pages 251-267

Abstract

“According to “Confessions,” what is the root of the pessimistic view of St. Augustine and other first Christian philosophers on desire and ... Read More “According to “Confessions,” what is the root of the pessimistic view of St. Augustine and other first Christian philosophers on desire and pleasure, and why does this philosopher think that pleasures are evil?” This article is going to provide some insights about this question.Augustine believes that “the delight of loving God” is the one and only real pleasure, and all other earthly pleasures are considered as evil. But why are earthly pleasures evil? Augustine explains this from three different aspects: At first glance, it seems that Augustine blames some ignorance or perceptual (or cognitive) limitation for the deviation of pleasure and desire. Although this theory is consistent with some parts of “Confessions,” it is not consistent with the other parts. Augustine believes that even the pleasures and desires of children are evil. This clearly shows that in his philosophy, the evil of physical pleasure is not related to perceptual errors or ignorance. It seems that even the instincts are evil, and Augustine thinks these basic desires (instincts) are not perceptual. According to Confession’s text, Augustine believes in “original sin” and considers it as the cause of the deviation of the desires and pleasures of human beings. This Christian doctrine says that everyone is born sinful. Original sin is the guilt of disobedience to God passed on from Adam and Eve to all subsequent generations. Because of this disobedience, human pleasures and desires also became sinful. Although this theory justifies the issue in many cases, it cannot cover all the problems. If Augustine attributes the evil of human pleasure and desire only to the “original sin,” then he must always regard human desires and “needs” as evil. But he emphasizes in book 10th of “Confessions” that some prophets, such as “Noah” and “John the Baptist,” would eat any meat they wanted to satisfy their needs and never deviated, but “Esau” deviated once he consumed lentils. “greed” can be cited as the cause of the diversion of desires and pleasures. According to the holy Bible, the snake first seduced Eve, and then Eve seduced Adam to eat the forbidden fruit. What the snake did with Eve was nothing except arousing his greed. In fact, Adam and Eve became sinful due to their greed. It is clear that what caused them to be exiled from Eden was the desire (greed) they had before the descent and original sin. It should be noted that the above three answers are all the causes of deviation, but each one is itself the cause of another. In other words, human greed is the cause of the original sin, and the original sin is the cause of ignorance, error, and deviation of pleasure and desire. And these three causes (on three different levels) explain the deviation in our pleasures, inclinations, and desires.

A hermeneutic analysis of Mencius' philosophizing about politics

ali aqajani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 August 2023

Abstract

Mencius is one of the most important master philosophers in the Chinese paradigm and Confucian tradition, and the article analyzes his philosophizing about politics based on Skinner's ... Read More

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A Critique of Proving the Substantial Movement by means of Subordination, Affair (Shaʾn) and Causality

Mahdi Assadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 December 2023

Abstract

Mullā Ṣadrā’s most famous reason to prove the substantial movement (al-ḥarakat al-juharīyyah) is the one that persists in the existence of a special relation between accident ... Read More

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Nietzsche's "Will to Power": A Psychological Interpretation and its Ethical Implications

MUHAMMADHOSSEIN امامی; ahmad Fazeli; Hossein Mesbahian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 April 2024

Abstract

Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of "will to power" stands as a cornerstone of his philosophy, yet its interpretation remains a contentious issue. Among the various proposed ... Read More

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The relation between transcendental I and time in Kant's thought

nayerehsadat mirmousa

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 April 2024

Abstract

According to Kant, each Synthesis has a temporal structure and can be related to a time domain. But the transcendental I, as a ground of temporal Synthesis, is out of time. In the ... Read More

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