نوع مقاله : علمی -پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد گروه فلسفه، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری فلسفۀ دانشگاه تهران.

چکیده

دسته‌­ای از مفاهیم هست که در محور تفکر مابعدالطبیعی قرار دارند و موضوع و محمول عموم قضایای مابعدالطبیعی را تشکیل می­‌دهند. چنین نیست که محوریت این مفاهیم مابعدالطبیعی، که در فلسفۀ اسلامیِ (متأخر) «معقول ثانیِ» (فلسفی)، و در فلسفۀ مدرسی «مفاهیم استعلایی» نامیده می­‌شوند، از ابتدای تاریخ مابعدالطبیعه تشخیص داده شده باشد. بلکه این محوریت­‌یابی مبتنی بر شرایطی بوده که در مابعدالطبیعۀ ابن سینا رقم خورده است، و فیلسوفان مدرسی با تکیه بر ابداعات ابن سینا مباحث ناظر به این مفاهیم را بسط داده‌­اند و نهایتاً دانز اسکوتوس کل مابعدالطبیعه را علم استعلایی دانسته و اجزای مابعدالطبیعه را بر پایۀ تلقی خویش از مفاهیم استعلایی بنا کرده است. در این مقاله با نظر به مابعدالطبیعۀ ابن سینا، آکوئینی، اسکوتوس، و تأکید بر اشتراکات فکری آن­ها می­‌کوشیم تا به طرح چارچوبی عام برای فلسفۀ استعلایی مدرسی نزدیک شویم. سبب انتخاب این سه فیلسوف این است که ابن سینا منبع اصلی مسائل مرتبط با استعلایی­‌هاست، آکوئینی علاوه بر مسائل سینوی مسائلی جدید مطرح ساخته است، و اسکوتوس نخستین بار به صراحت کل مابعدالطبیعه را علم استعلایی نامیده است. در این مقاله، نشان داده خواهد شد که (1) چگونه تلقی خاص بوعلی از مابعدالطبیعه شرایط محوریت­‌یابی این مفاهیم را فراهم آورد و (2) دیدگاه هر یک از این سه فیلسوف در باب چیستی مفاهیم استعلایی چیست و (3) چرا و به چه شیوه اینان خارجیت و نحوۀ خارجیت این مفاهیم را نشان می­‌دهند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Some Considerations on the Scholastic Transcendental Philosophy in the Light of the Metaphysics of Avicenna, Aquinas, and Scotus

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Hamid Talebzadeh 1
  • Ali Reza Attarzadeh 2

1 Professor, Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 . Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

A set of concepts lies at the core of metaphysical thought, constituting the subject and predicate of most metaphysical propositions. The centrality of these metaphysical concepts, referred to in later Islamic philosophy as (philosophical) "secondary intelligibles" and in Scholastic philosophy as "transcendental concepts," was not recognized from the outset of the history of metaphysics. Rather, their prominence emerged under specific conditions shaped by Avicenna’s metaphysics. Scholastic philosophers, building on Avicenna’s innovations, further developed discussions concerning these concepts, and ultimately, Duns Scotus designated metaphysics as the science of transcendentals, and structuring its components based on his understanding of transcendental concepts. In this article, with reference to the metaphysics of Avicenna, Aquinas, and Scotus, and emphasizing their intellectual commonalities, we aim to propose a general framework for Scholastic transcendental philosophy. The rationale for selecting these three philosophers lies in the fact that Avicenna is the primary source of issues related to transcendentals; Aquinas introduced new issues in addition to Avicennian themes; and Scotus was the first to explicitly designate metaphysics as the science of transcendentals. In this paper, we first address the subject of metaphysics, its components, and the role that transcendental concepts may occupy within the metaphysical frameworks proposed by these philosophers. Subsequently, we explore the definition of transcendental concepts, their classifications, their functions, as well as the shared claim among the discussed philosophers regarding the proof of the externality of transcendental concepts and the significance of this claim.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Transcendental Philosophy
  • Scholasticism
  • Metaphysics
  • Secondary Intelligible
  • Primary notions
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