نوع مقاله : علمی -پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• اشکان احدی ¹
• محمدتقی طباطبایی ²

¹ دانشجوی دکتری فلسفه دانشگاه تهران، گروه فلسفه، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

² استادیار فلسفه، گروه فلسفه، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

ژیل دلوز همواره از طریقِ خوانشِ فیلسوفانِ دیگر، به­دنبال طرح و بسطِ مسئله­‌ای در فلسفۀ خویش بوده است. بدین جهت، بسیار پیش می­‌آید که در نسبت با مسئلۀ خویش، بر مفهومی در اندیشۀ یک فیلسوف تأکید گذارد، که با وجود اهمیتش، در نظامِ فکری آن فیلسوف چندان برجسته نشده باشد. مفهومِ اکسپرسیون، که دلوز آن را مبتنی بر خوانشِ اسپینوزا در کتابِ اکسپرسیونیسم در فلسفه: اسپینوزا طرح کرده، از جملۀ چنین مفاهیمی است، که دامنه و وجوه گسترده­ای دارد. از آن­جا که نوشتۀ حاضر در پرتوِ مسئلۀ نسبتِ یگانگی و بسگانگی این مفهوم را بررسی می‌کند، لذا وجه منطقیِ این مفهوم در آن برجسته می­‌گردد. این مقاله می­‌کوشد نشان دهد که چگونه دلوز با استفاده از منطقِ اکسپرسیون،  اصالتِ یگانگی یا اصالتِ بسگانگی را کنار زده، و نسبتی درون­ ماندگار میانِ این دو مفهوم برقرار می­‌سازد. برای این منظور، ابتدا تمایز و درعین­ حال هم­بستگیِ مؤلفه­‌های سه‌­تایی این منطق، از سه جهتِ متفاوت شرح می­‌گردد. سپس نشان داده می­‌شود که چگونه این هم­بستگی مبنایی برای برقراری نسبتی درون­‌ماندگار میانِ مفاهیمِ یگانگی و بسگانگی، فراهم می­‌سازد. بخش آخر نیز با درنظرگرفتنِ این منطق، به ­صورت تحلیلی، تفسیرِ دلوز از مفاهیم جوهر ِمطلق و تمایز واقعیِ صفات را بازسازی می­‌کند، تا به­ صورت انضمامی نمونه­‌ای از لوازم و نتایجِ دگرگون‌­کنندۀ آن را آشکار سازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• منطقِ اکسپرسیون
• بسگانگی
• یگانگی
• درون‌ماندگاری
• جوهر مطلق
• تمایزِ واقعیِ صفات

موضوعات

• فلسفه

عنوان مقاله [English]

Clarification of the Relation Between Unity and Multiplicity in Logic of Expression According to Deleuze’s Reading of Spinoza

نویسندگان [English]

• Ashkan Ahadi ¹
• Mohammad Taghi Tabatabei ²

¹ PhD student of philosophy, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Tehran University, Iran.

² Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Gilles Deleuze usually articulates his philosophical problems through the reading of other philosophers. Given this matter, he typically emphasizes a concept in a philosopher’s thought which might not seem crucial at the first glance. The concept of Expression, developed by Deleuze based on his reading of Spinoza in Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza, is one of these concepts, which is broad and multifaceted. The present paper investigates this concept considering the relationship between unity and multiplicity. So, it is the logical aspect of the concept of expression which has been discussed here. This article attempts to show how Deleuze brings the “logic of expression” into play to reject the priority of unity over multiplicity and vice versa and establish an immanent relation between them. For this purpose, first, the distinction of three elements of this logic has been described. These elements are: “what expresses itself”, “expression”, and “what is expressed”. Then it is shown how these three elements can only be considered by each other, in such a way that none of them will have priority over the other. To do so, this correlation is explained in three different ways: Firstly, every two elements of this logic can be distinguished only in respect of the third element. Secondly, since "expression" has a genetic role in the constitution of the essence of "what expresses itself", therefore "what is expressed" can only exist in "expression". Thirdly, according to the “rule of convertibility” that Deleuze takes from Spinoza, the object and the essence of the object have a reciprocal relationship, and for this reason, all three elements of the expression are correlated. The next part of the article elucidates the relationship between the concepts of unity and multiplicity by considering this correlation. Since "expression" is the multiplicity aspect of the logic of expression and "what expresses itself" is its unity and both are connected to "what is expressed", Therefore, unity and multiplicity will be mutual concepts. This interdependence of multiplicity and unity defines the concept of “immanence” according to Deleuze. Considering this logic, the last part of the article reconstructs Deleuze's interpretation of Spinoza's concepts of absolute substance and real distinction of attributes in an analytical way, to concretely reveal an example of the critical and transformative consequences of this logic. For this purpose, by assuming the logic of expression and the immanent relation of unity and multiplicity, it is shown that the understanding of the multiplicity of attributes requires the idea of ​​an absolutely infinite substance and that the idea of ​​substance requires the multiplicity of attributes that express its essence. so that in Deleuze's reading of Spinoza, neither attributes can be conceived without absolute substance, nor absolute substance can be conceived without infinite attributes.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• The logic of Expression
• Multiplicity
• Unity
• Immanency
• Absolute Substance
• Real Distinction of Attributes