Philosophy - Articles List

Francis Bacon's ideas, as one of the harbingers of modern science, have been the source of many philosophical reflections in various philosophical fields, especially in the field of ... Read More Francis Bacon's ideas, as one of the harbingers of modern science, have been the source of many philosophical reflections in various philosophical fields, especially in the field of practical philosophy and questions related to ethics and law. With his ideal plan of the future world, which is based on humans achieving the greatest blessings in life and its image is depicted in works such as The New Atlantis, Bacon tried to formulate a program for industrial intervention and technical productivity of nature, through which the deficiencies and deprivations of human life, such as war, poverty and disease, would be eliminated and, with the return of human authority, the ground would be prepared for the achievement of an earthly paradise without violence and suffering for human beings, in which all of nature is at the service of human welfare. However, this ideal plan has aroused serious criticism from critics because it has caused countless human and environmental disasters in the modern era. By criticizing Bacon's ideal of sovereignty and dominance over nature, Hans Jonas has called on modern societies to abandon this ideal and deal responsibly with nature in order to preserve and protect it. Because this ideal has made the technical use of nature in order to achieve good and benefit for human life and to lay the groundwork for his sovereignty as a principle and has had an optimistic view of the ideal of an earthly paradise, while it has not paid attention to its negative consequences, including the separation of man from nature and his sovereignty over nature. Therefore, this approach must be changed and turned from anthropocentrism to physiocentrism and modern man, as a moral agent, must comply with the imperative of responsibility towards nature, which entails both moral and legal obligations towards nature. This article, by addressing some opinions on Bacon's ideal, shows that a distinction must be made between his ideal and his program to better understand its positive and negative consequences.

Scientific-research

The Heavenly Seas in Irānšahr Philosophy and Islamic Mysticism

nasrullah pourjavadi

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 13-44

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.396476.1006899

Abstract

In his book Kitab al-Şaydana, Abu Rayḥān Bῑrūnῑ, when recalling the weakness of the Persian language in comparison to the Arabic language, states that the Persian language ... Read More In his book Kitab al-Şaydana, Abu Rayḥān Bῑrūnῑ, when recalling the weakness of the Persian language in comparison to the Arabic language, states that the Persian language is only good for telling nightly tales and narrating stories for kings, and not for presenting precise scientific and philosophical discussions and issues. Although Abu Rayhan stated this at a time when the Dari Persian language was still in the early stages of its life, and if he were to judge the Persian language two or three hundred years later, he would not have issued such a ruling, nevertheless, what he said is not without truth. In fact, if we want to express Abu Rayhan’s statement fairly, we should say that the Persian language throughout its life has made more use of literary techniques and poetic imaginations and has demonstrated its skill in the field of literature, and even when it has wanted to express philosophical concepts, it has still used allegorical stories and metaphors and what mystics and Sufis have called the language of allusion, and this has been a characteristic of the Persian language and the mentality of those who used it. This judgment that we mentioned as a characteristic of the Persian language is true both in ancient times, in the Avestan period, and in Middle Persian during the Sasanian period. One of the most vibrant and dynamic allusive expressions that has been common among Iranian philosophers and mystics both in Middle Persian and in the modern era is the expression “sea.” This name, which was used in ordinary Persian language in a known sense, has been used by Iranian scholars and mystics to refer to heavenly things and divine attributes, as well as their opposites, i.e., demonic attributes. Of course, in the pre-Islamic period, Iranian sages used the sea to name the universals that exist in the heavenly realm, which Plato and the Platonists call Forms, and in the Islamic period, our mystics mainly considered it to refer to divine attributes or states and stages of the soul, and moral perfections and vices. In this article, which is divided into two parts, we will first try to examine the meaning that was intended for “sea” in the Middle Persian language, especially in the sixth book of the Denkard, and then we will examine the function of this word in the works and sayings of Persian-speaking mystics, from Bāyazῑd Basṭāmῑ and Abu al-Ḥasan Kharqānῑ to writers and poets such as Rashid al-Din Maybodῑ and Farid al-Dῑn Aṭṭār.

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The Construct of God and Existential Sameness An Interpretation of the Status of the Divine in Fundamental Ontology and the Necessity of Heidegger’s Turn

Ahmad Rajabi

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 45-69

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.400151.1006941

Abstract

In this paper, I aim to demonstrate what the construct of God means in Heidegger’s thought, how it relates to the structure of fundamental ontology, and in what way—given ... Read More

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Divine Existence, the Subject of Inquiry: The Conducting Principle of Fundamental Intuition from the Perspective of Najmuddῑn Kubrā’s Mysticism

Alireza Saati

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 71-85

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.399005.1006925

Abstract

The flux of Divinity in the concatenations of existence is considered the foundation of mysticism. Sheikh Najmuddῑn Kubrā’s emphasis on this issue, in the form of a doctrine, ... Read More

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The Transition from Soul to Mind in Descartes’ Meditations

mostafa shahraeini

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 87-103

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.396518.1006905

Abstract

The Cogito is considered the hallmark of Descartes’ intellectual system, with which a great transformation occurred in the history of philosophical thought. The essence of the ... Read More

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Development as Building

mohammadjavad safian

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 105-119

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.396576.1006906

Abstract

Development, with all the diverse definitions it has had since its emergence, has been grounded in the will to master and overcome nature. The will to mastery is the prelude to development, ... Read More

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Absolute Essence (lā bi šarṭ) as a Metaphysical Nature in the View of Avicenna

Sayyed Hamid Talebzade

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 121-139

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.403846.1006956

Abstract

It is well known that essence has different validity. Essence, when considered externally and mixed with distinguishing accidents, is called mixed essence (bi šarṭi šei’), ... Read More

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Explaining the Difference between "Eternity" and "Duration" Based on the Internal Structure of Definition, and the Abstraction of "Time" in Spinoza’s Ethics

Vahab Ghorbani; Mohammad Taghi Tabatabaei

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 141-162

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.404663.1006959

Abstract

In this article, we examine three concepts—eternity, duration, and time—in Spinoza’s philosophy, particularly in his Ethics. Contrary to most prominent interpretations, ... Read More

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Suspicious position of the Propositional Attitudes in New Philosophy of Mind (Logical Atomism to Eliminative Materialism)

zahra Ghezelbash

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 163-181

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.405149.1006961

Abstract

Propositional attitudes (beliefs, desires) have always been one of the serious challenges of the modern philosophy of mind, and there is still a deep disagreement about the knowledge ... Read More

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The Answer to the Problem of Evil Based on Some Avestan Texts and Narrations from Ishrāqī Wisdom

sara ghezelbash

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 179-183

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.399063.1006930

Abstract

The problem of evil, as one of the most challenging issues in the philosophy of religion, has always driven scholars and thinkers to explore diverse theological and philosophical approaches ... Read More The problem of evil, as one of the most challenging issues in the philosophy of religion, has always driven scholars and thinkers to explore diverse theological and philosophical approaches across different civilizations. This article, aiming to provide a comparative analysis of how the problem of evil is addressed, examines two distinct intellectual traditions: In the first section, relying on the Avestan texts, it is explained how Zoroastrianism, by introducing the dual principle of good (Ahura Mazda/Spenta Mainyu) and evil (Angra Mainyu/Ahriman) from eternity, views the problem of evil not as a result of divine deficiency or inaction, but as a consequence of a cosmic struggle between two independent origins. This eternal duality presents evil as having an independent and real source, and while offering a clear answer to the origin of evil, it faces challenges such as undermining divine omnipotence. In the second section, the article explores the approach of Suhrawardi’s Illuminationist philosophy (Hikmat al-Ishraq). Suhrawardi, contrary to the Zoroastrian view, does not consider evil as an existing entity with an independent origin. He divides evils into two main categories: privative and relative evils, and natural and essential evils. This article attempts to answer the questions of the problem of evil by examining the general principles of the ontological system of Zoroastrianism and Suhrawardῑ’s Illuminationist philosophy, such as the non-existence (privation) of evil, possibility, deficiency, and causality as ontological sources of evil, and the necessity of temporal movement of beings in the material world from deficiency to perfection and from potentiality to actuality within the context of time as the quality of the manifestation of evils. The article ultimately concludes that both traditions strive to offer a coherent response to the problem of evil. The Avestan texts, by accepting the eternal existence of evil, bestow upon it an independent nature, whereas Illuminationist philosophy, by emphasizing the non-existence of evil and its place in the best possible system (orim) explains evil as a secondary and dependent aspect of good."

Scientific-research

Iranian Nationalism and Western Modernism in the Early Decades of the 14th Century

reza mahoozi

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 199-219

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.399010.1006926

Abstract

Although some historians and researchers attribute the story of Iranians' acquaintance with modern philosophies to the Nasserist period, and the acquaintance of the exiles with those ... Read More

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From the Transcendental Ego to the Situated Subject: A Critical Turn in Phenomenology

hossein mesbahian

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 221-249

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.406870.1006966

Abstract

This article provides a genealogical analysis of the phenomenological tradition, charting its dialectical evolution from Edmund Husserl’s quest for a pure, transcendental ego ... Read More

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Phenomenology of Love and Its Relation to Beauty in Suhrawardῑ

shamsolmoluk mostafavi

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 251-270

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.399022.1006929

Abstract

This article examines the phenomenology of love and its relationship to beauty in the thought of Shihāb al-Dīn Yaḥyā Suhrawardī, the Illuminationist philosopher and eminent Iranian ... Read More

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The Dialectic of the Universal and the Particular: Plato and Aristotle on Poetry

fatemeh minayi

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 271-288

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.399070.1006931

Abstract

This paper studies how differences in Plato’s and Aristotle’s views of the universals impact their approaches to poetry. In the first part, the significance of poetry in ... Read More

Scientific-research

Alchemy and the Role of Mathematics in the Theory of Balances (‘Ilm al-Mīzān) by Jābir Ibn Hayyān

iraj nikseresht

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 289-305

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.399017.1006928

Abstract

This study analyzes the principal features of alchemical theory in general, with a particular focus on Jābir Ibn Ḥayyān’s contributions. It explores the Aristotelian, Stoic, ... Read More

Scientific extension

Francis Bacon: Science and Power

shahin awani

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 307-330

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.396462.1006897

Abstract

The period from the 16th century to the first half of the 17th century marks a turning point in religious, philosophical, and scientific life, particularly in England. In addition to ... Read More

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The Relationship Between Common Engineering Education and the Grandeur of the Natural Environment

MSADEGH ZAKERI

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 331-344

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.396489.1006901

Abstract

Strategic planners are concerned about the destruction of life on Earth. Since the essential substance of life, with all its importance, is nothing but the environment, the aim of this ... Read More

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Islamic Roots of the Concepts of 'Natura Naturans' and 'Natura Naturata' in Spinoza’s Philosophy

majid sadremajles

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 345-360

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.396473.1006898

Abstract

Professor Dr. Muhammad Bayrakdar, a faculty member of the Department of Philosophy at Ankara University, published this article in 1999 in Turkish under the title "Spinoza'nın Natura ... Read More

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Spiritual Aspiration (Himmat) in the Thought of Abū Sa’īd Abi al-Khayr and Its Connection to Splendor (Farr) in Iranian Culture

parvaneh oroujnia

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 361-382

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.398998.1006924

Abstract

Shaykh Abū Sa’id Abi al-Khayr (357-440 AH) is a renowned mystic of the fourth and fifth centuries AH. His name is intertwined with love, poetry, simā’(spiritual audition), ... Read More

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The Physics (Ṭabῑ'a) Postulates (Mūṣadarāt) of the Art (Ṣinā'a) of the Mizān al-Ḥikma

abouzar farzpourmachiani

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 383-391

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.399086.1006933

Abstract

The book Mīzān-al-Ḥikmah by Abd-al Rahman Khāzanī was written to collect the efforts made by previous scientists to create the Mīzān-al-Ḥikmah and to present a new method ... Read More

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Getting to Know Ibn Fanārī, a Follower of Ibn Arabī's School in Anatolia

sepideh nosrati

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 393-400

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.399072.1006932

Abstract

Fanari was among the first scholars who, with the title of Sheikh al-Islam, endeavored to propagate and promote the school of Ibn Arabī in Anatolia. Şā’in al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammad ... Read More

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Philosophical Criticism and Philosophy Education

Mir abdulhossein naqibzadeh

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 401-413

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.399094.1006934

Abstract

The diversity of philosophies can be seen, in Nietzsche’s words, as the diversity of cities in which one can reside for a while or at least visit, but eventually, one might leave ... Read More

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Illuminationist (īşrāqῑ) Knowledge in Suhrawardῑ’s Thought

sima Sadat noorbakhsh

Volume 23, Issue 1 , December 2025, Pages 415-444

https://doi.org/10.22059/jop.2025.396586.1006907

Abstract

Suhrawardῑ does not consider the Peripatetic method of definition to be valid for knowledge. Also, the desired goal of Illuminationist (ishrāqῑ) epistemology is a kind of complete ... Read More

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Volume & Issue: Volume 23, Issue 1 - Serial Number 44, December 2025, Pages 1-536

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